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Every single day accidents related trucks occur all over the United States. Truck accidents can result in serious injury and even death. Many of these truck accidents are related to driver fatigue, failure to inspect tires and brakes, over loaded, tailgating, drinking and driving, talking on CB or cell phone, etc. These are all considered negligence actions and can result in a civil suit against the truck driver and the company the driver works for. However, due to the size and nature of trucks injuries and damages in a truck accident can be severe if not fatal. Many truck accidents leave victims unable to work and the victims are required to seek compensation via civil lawsuit. How does a injured plaintiff in a truck accident lawsuit support his life financially if he is unable to work? That is a simple answer, a lawsuit settlement loan.

If you were in a truck accident and are in the process of a truck accident civil lawsuit then you already know what kind of time frame you’re looking at till you reach a verdict; it can be months if not years before truck accident lawsuits are settled. This is why a lawsuit settlement loan is an excellent resource for the plaintiff during this time period. A settlement loan is basically a non-recourse loan; this is due to the re-payment requirements explained later in this article. Basically a lawsuit loan provider will borrow you money against your pending lawsuit; your not required to any specific income or credit history as those things play no role in the settlement loan approval process. The approval process is based solely on the merit of your lawsuit and possible compensation.

 What makes a lawsuit settlement loan such a great choice is the fact it is a non-recourse debt because a settlement loan only requires you to repay the loan if you receive a favorable verdict in your pending lawsuit. If you lose your pending lawsuit you have no obligation to pay back the monetary loan provided by the lawsuit loan provider. This helps financial secure the plaintiff during their pending lawsuit and prevents them from being in debt at the end of their case if it’s an unfavorable verdict. This is a common occurrence with traditional loans, a plaintiff takes out a home equity loan or personal loan for financial assistance during their pending lawsuit, then they end up losing their lawsuit and then do not have the ability to pay back their initial loan; with a settlement loan you don’t have this problem! If you want to learn more about lawsuit pre-settlement loans then read below.

If you’ve found your way here to this article, chances are you’ve either got some money socked away or you’re planning to do so.

But first things first. Why is investing a smart idea?

Simply put, you want to invest in order to create wealth. It’s relatively painless, and the rewards are plentiful. By investing in the stock market, you’ll have a lot more money for things like retirement, education, recreation — or you could pass on your riches to the next generation so that you become your family’s Most Cherished Ancestor. Whether you’re starting from scratch or have a few thousand dollars saved, Investing Basics will help get you going on the road to financial (and Foolish!) well-being.

Know your goals

What are you saving for? Retirement? College for the kids? A new speaker system complete with woofers and tweeters? An exotic animal menagerie complete with Chihuahuas (woofers) and canaries (tweeters)? A retirement villa in the sun-baked hills of Tuscany?

Say you take $2,000 of your savings and put it into the stock market. If your money returned 10% a year (the S&P 500′s historical average), two grand would be worth $34,898.80 after 30 years. That might not get you the perfect retirement home, but it’ll at least give you a down payment.

Maybe you don’t have $2,000 burning a hole in your bank account, but perhaps you can afford to invest your lunch money. Brown-bag your lunch and sock away just $4 a day, 250 days a year. It’s not a lot, but if you’re in your early 20s, you’ve got the investor’s best ally on your side — time. If you invest $1,000 once a year in an investment that averages a 10% annual return — the average annual stock market return since 1926 — it’ll grow to more than $1 million after 46 years, which is right around the time you’ll be ready to retire.

Of course, as you get older and more financially stable, you should be able to put away more to invest. Upping the ante to just $166 a month — which is probably less than lunch money plus what you pay for cable TV — would put you at the million-dollar mark in just 39 years.

The power of compounding

The table below shows you how a single investment of $100 will grow at various rates of return. Five percent is about what you might get from a certificate of deposit (CD) or with a government bond over time, 10% is about the historical average stock market return, and 15% is what you might get if you decide to learn how to pick your own stocks and take advantage of some of our lessons in advanced investing techniques.

Growing At

Year    5%    10%    15%    20%       
1    $100    $100    $100    $100       
5    $128    $161    $201    $249       
10    $163    $259    $405    $619       
15    $208    $418    $814    $1,541       
25    $339    $1,083    $3,292    $9,540

Why is the difference between a few percentage points of return so massive after long periods of time? You are witnessing the miracle of compounding. When your investment gains (returns) begin to earn money, and then those returns start to earn money, your investment can mushroom very quickly. Extend the time period or raise the rate of return, and your results increase exponentially. For instance, if you start young, say at 15 years of age, note how quickly a single $100 investment grows, especially in the later years.

Growing At

Age    5%    10%    15%    20%       
15    $100    $100    $100    $100       
20    $128    $161    $201    $249       
25    $163    $259    $405    $619       
30    $208    $418    $814    $1,541       
40    $339    $1,083    $3,292    $9,540       
50    $552    $2,810    $13,318    $59,067       
60    $899    $7,298    $53,877    $365,726       
65    $1,147    $11,739    $108,366    $910,044

Looking at it another way, let’s compare two teenagers and their lifetime savings habits. Bianca baby-sits a lot and spends most of her spare time reading. She saves $1,000 a year starting when she’s 15 and invests it in the stock market for 10 years earning 12% per year on average. After 10 years, she comes out of her shell, stops adding money to her nest egg, and spends every penny she earns club hopping and on trips to Cancun. But she keeps her nest egg in the market.

Compare her account to that of her friend Patrice, who squandered her early paychecks on youthful indiscretions. At age 40 Patrice gets a wake-up call when her parents retire on nothing but Social Security. She starts vigorously socking away $10,000 every year for the next 25 years. Guess who has more at age 65? That’s right, Bianca. (You figured it was a setup, didn’t you?) Her 10 years of saving $1,000 per year (just $10,000 total — the same amount Patrice put away in just one year) netted her $1.8 million by age 65. Patrice, on the other hand, scrimped for 25 years to invest a quarter million dollars out of her own pocket and ended up with just under $1.5 million. Neither will be going to the poorhouse, but you see our point: Bianca’s baby-sitting money grew for 50 years, twice as long as Patrice’s, and Bianca barely missed it.

(It’s almost not fair to mention this, but if Bianca put her money in a Roth IRA, that whole $1.8 million would be tax-free. On the other hand, Patrice couldn’t put her full $10,000 in a Roth, so Patrice will pay capital gains tax on a good deal of her gains.)

The power of compounding is the single most important reason for you to start investing right now. Every day you are invested is a day that your money is working for you, helping to ensure a financially secure and stable future.

Common pitfalls to avoid

Before you race off through the rest of Investing Basics, there are some cautionary points to consider before you proceed. These are common mistakes many people make when considering what to do about investing.

1.    Doing nothing. There is no guarantee that the market will go up the first day, month, or even year that you invest in it. But there is one guarantee: Doing nothing at all will not provide for a comfortable retirement.
2.    Starting late. Postponing your investing career is second only to not investing at all on the list of investment sins. You already know that the earlier you start the better off you are. (Take another look at the compound return example we gave above.) If you’re already past those formative twenties (you don’t look a day over 32 to us), we’ll reword this first pitfall to read: “Not starting now.”
3.    Investing before paying down credit card debt. If you have money in your savings account and you have revolving debt on your credit card, pay it off. Many credit cards have an annual interest rate of 15% or more. Let’s say you have $5,000 to invest, but you also have $5,000 debt on your credit cards with an average annual interest rate of 18%. It doesn’t take an astrophysicist to figure out that you’re going to have to get an 18% return after you pay taxes just to break even on that $5,000. Pay the debt off first, then think about investing.
4.    Investing for the short term. Only invest money for the short term that you’re actually going to need in the short term. Invest money in the stock market that you won’t need for at least three years, and preferably five years or longer. If you’ll need your cash next year for a down payment on a house or for the family Caribbean cruise, use one of the shorter term and safer havens for your cash, such as money market funds or CDs.
5.    Turning down free money. You’d never turn down a dollar if it was offered with no strings attached. That’s what you’re doing if your compan
y offers a 401(k) or similar retirement savings plan with an employer match and you’re not participating. Take advantage of all tax-advantaged, employer-matched savings programs.
6.    Playing it safe. If you’re young, most of your investing dollars should be in the stock market. You have enough time to weather any dips in the market and to reap the rewards of long-term gains. Although you may want to transition into bonds later in life as you depend on your investments for income, stocks should make up a large portion of the portfolio of every investor.
7.    Playing it scary. Not every investment is for everyone. Even if you’re a daredevil, you shouldn’t pour all of your money into something that could end up going down the drain.
8.    Viewing collectibles or lottery tickets as investments. If old comic books, Barbie dolls, and abandoned exercise equipment could be used to fund retirements, do you think the stock market would exist? Probably not. Don’t make the mistake of thinking your jewelry, those Beanie Babies, or the lottery will provide for you in your latter years.
9.    Trading in and out of the market. We believe the best approach to investing is the long-term one. Pick your investments well and you’ll reap greater rewards over the long term than you had ever dreamed possible. Trade in and out of the market and you’ll be saddled with fees that chip away at your returns, and you’ll potentially miss out on gains that long-term investors enjoy with much less effort.

Congratulations mate! You’ve made it through the first part of Investing Basics. (Bet you didn’t even break a sweat.) You’ve witnessed the power of compounding and you understand how some common pitfalls can ruin even the healthiest investing plan.

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One of the biggest difficulties that is faced by people who are seeking career development is that it is difficult to find the time to balance career development with their everyday career responsibilities. Luckily, many career oriented people can now find time for career development using online education to further their career skills while working during the day. This makes the balance between your career and the development of further career skills much easier to strike up, because you can work when you need to, and go through career development courses through online education in your spare time. By making it possible to achieve career development using online education, career oriented people can now learn new career skills and further their career capabilities without causing their normal work to suffer. If you are serious about furthering your career, career development using online education is a wise path to take. Here is more information about the benefits of career development using online education as a foundation.

 The purpose of career development using online education is to give you the training that you need over the internet in order to meet the needs of your career or a future career that you hope to become a part of in the future. Most career development services include full training and full testing for individuals that want to develop their careers into something more. Some of the skill sets that are covered when seeking career development using online education include safety skills and industrial based technologies, computers, internet and information technologies, management and leadership skills and small business operation skills, professional development and personal development, though there are many other skills that can be developed in the realm of career development using online education.

 What makes the idea of career development using online education so useful is that career oriented people can develop their careers outside of work and do not need to sacrifice time or focus at work to gain new career skills. Rather than having to leave your job to seek a new skill set, you can develop the career skill set that you need over the internet, in the comfort of your own home and best of all, on your own personal schedule, which means that you can work days and study at night, or work nights and study during the day, and everything is on your own time and at your own convenience, which means that you will be able to benefit exponentially from what the career development courses and training have to offer you.

 Sometimes career development using online classes means visiting a specific public computer lab, while other times it simply means logging in from home. Different programs have different requirements, but the same focus is always there: Career development using online classes is designed to let people further their careers by developing new career skill sets over the internet, which is one of the best ways to create job security, especially in these uncertain economic times.

 

Engaging in pay-per-click (PPC) advertising has its own benefits and drawbacks. But what exactly is PPC advertising and what it can do to your business?

Business nowadays is doing different kinds of austerity measures when it comes to advertising their products and services. This is because of high rates of placing ads on print and on television. But there is a fast growing approach that businessmen can utilize to bring their services closer to the people and that is through Internet Marketing.

One tool that is causing internet marketing popularity is PPC advertising. This is a technique used in search engine marketing that requires one to pay a fee every time someone clicks an ad on your website. Usually this placement is done through a bidding process. If you are a top bidder for your keywords/phrases, you are sure to be on the number one spot on all search engines. Just be sure of the effectiveness of your ad copy to get the most number of clicks you need for your business.

Here are the benefits of PPC advertising are:

1.    You need not be a genius in computer and technology to be able to run this ad campaign.
2.    Immediate results are seen after a few days.
3.    No need to make a website conform to the SEO rules.
4.    Nothing to lose even if you do not top the pages of different search engines. You can still always choose PPC advertising.
5.    You can make use any search engine available.
6.    You can type in any keyword you like.

Cons of PPC advertising includes:

1.    Fixed payments every month to the search engine you choose.
2.    Pay for each click received by your website. At times, visitors are just competitors or people playing pranks on search engines. This hassle wastes money you put in to this advertising.
3.    Inability to pay for the fees next month would mean removal of your website on the paid listings.
4.    This advertising can only be used temporarily because it is difficult to handle in the long run.
5.    Pay-per-click pricing can be costly for long periods of time, therefore, this should be stopped after an ad campaign.

But how exactly PPC advertising can increase traffic, leads and sales?

PRE-QUALIFIED TRAFFIC. All visitors of your website are already considered as a qualified consumer or buyer of your product. PPC advertising leads your customers to you for a lesser cost.

INSTANT EXPOSURE, IMMEDIATE PROFITS. PPC search engines enable you to get your desired results fast. They will have your website live within just a few hours which means immediate increase in sale.

CONSISTENT TOP LISTINGS. This is to get your website on top of the sponsored search results for free. You just have to choose the keywords related to your site and business and place them within your web pages. After this, you are done.

PPC advertising enables advertisers to control their advertising campaigns. Advertisers have effectively targeted their audience and set their own price per click. PPC advertising networks provide the platform to identify the desired audience by geographic setting, topic and industry.  These networks have a list of websites of the publishers where the ads will be placed.

Tools are provided by the networks to check how the pay per click limit is working for a certain advertiser. If its still competitive, would it be even listed among the paid search lists or does it generate sales? Of course, if the advertiser made the highest bid, the better chances the ad will be seen in the search engine. These networks too provide protection for the advertisers against click fraud. This advertising set-up allows advertisers to set a daily budget for his ads, thus, less spending for unnecessary clicks. Advertiser will never go over his budget.  

In PPC advertising, what are important are the keywords and phrases. You have to select at least ten “very specific” keywords that would give you the best traffic in the search. Then, write the ad creatively but straightforward. Tell the truth about your product or service and do not lie. Good thing if your product or service will not disappoint those that are relying on your ad’s promise – but what if it did otherwise? Important too is the clarity of the ad. Do not use very vague languages. Include important details like the price.

You should also remember to budget your bids. Do not go overbidding because you will only lose your money and do not go so low that your ads will never get the chance to show up. Check your profit against your spending. If you see no progress then most likely you have to drop your ad campaign.

More and more advertisers have been using PPC advertising and it will continue to grow faster than any online advertising techniques. From revenues of $2.6 billion in 2004 to $5.5 billion in 2009, cost per click will dramatically go up as well from $0.29 to $0.36.

PPC advertising is new in online marketing and it is going to continue in the years to come. For advertisers, this means increase revenues with fewer advertising expenses, savings, more sales, good return of investment (ROI) and effective ad campaigns in the days to come.

If you would like to EARN CASH RIGHT NOW with some of our great affiliate programs! And generate hundreds of FREE LEADS per week, then visit the website below!

Master these four fundamental steps to network marketing and be all but guaranteed both incredible wealth and great success. Fail to understand the importance of but one, and condemn your business to flounder and ultimately follow the path of so many eager, yet unprepared network marketing hopefuls.

You may be thinking at this point, only four secrets to making millions and millions of dollars? Let’s hear it then. Actually, there is really only one. Time and time again, success story after success story; all have this one truth in common. So, this particular gem I’ll save for last.

If network marketing is all about networking and of course marketing, why do so many network marketers continue to struggle to realize the infinite networking and lead generating potential of the internet? Simply put, it’s being done all wrong. How’s that?

Network marketing (also known as “Multi-Level-Marketing” or MLM) depends most heavily on…

– recruiting / lead generation / relationship-building

– sales conversion

– ongoing consumption

– replicating yourself through down line motivation and training

If your network marketing business fails to recognize the importance and any one of these fundamental elements then quite simply, you won’t have much of a business at all.

Everything starts with recruiting and lead generation. No leads means no sales. No sales means no down line. No down line means… I’m sure you get the idea here. The entire process is built upon the foundation of recruiting and relationship-building with the express intent of maximizing product consumption and the success of your down line. Your bottom line is this. If you can’t replicate your success within your down line you ultimately fail to realize the true income generating potential of network marketing.

That being said, I’ll take this opportunity to summarize my own cautionary tale for those who are new to network marketing or who are just now thinking of taking the plunge. For those who have been around the block a time or two please bear with me. Much of my story may undoubtedly sound very much like your own.

When I first made the decision to start my network marketing business, I believed that with a great product and an effective marketing system, enough hard work would guarantee me success. I had the right attitude, but the wrong impression of what made this business tick. I expected to have a great deal to learn and I was eager to do so. I attended trainings, bought books, studied sales copy, purchased leads, ran ad campaigns, the whole routine.

I managed to generate a fair number of leads, and only a few conversions. For me that was fine. I assumed that if x amount of traffic equaled y amount of conversions, all I needed to do was… You guessed it, drive more traffic. So, here I am grinding like a mad man at driving traffic, and losing all but my shirt in the process. That’s when it dawned on me. Sure things are a bit slow going, but if my real return on my investment comes with creating a successful down line… How many members of my down line can I honestly say would be willing to put in this much time, effort, and yes money, for the same results. Not a single one…

I’ll say this once more just to be absolutely clear. If you can’t easily and effectively replicate a reasonable measure of success in your network marketing down line, then you are in effect spinning your wheels without going much of anywhere. If you assume that replicated content and replicated sites are the same thing as replicated success, you may want to think again.

Think of your business like a car and the content you provide your potential prospects as the wheels. If you expect to move your business you need the content you provide about your business to stand out. You need wheels that give your business traction. That traction comes in the form of having a unique voice and providing your prospects unique content about your business.

Well that about says it… Once you do your pre-selling and your marketing to generate your leads make sure you can provide good quality content to convert those leads into sales. Create an effective method to transfer some form of ownership to your down line so that they can achieve their own unique voice and replicate your success for themselves.

Oh and as for my million dollar secret… So, what is the secret that creates truly successful businesses, not to mention truly wealthy people? Here it is…

Do what you love… If you can find a way to turn your passion, your interest, even your favorite hobby into your business, then you will be in a much better position to achieve true success. Turning an opportunity to make money into something you love is infinitely more difficult that turning something you love into an opportunity to make money.

If this information helps even one person out there find a bit of the success that we all seem to be searching for, then I’d say that this article has served it’s purpose very well. For any questions or further information, feel free to contact me.

Lawsuit settlement loans, or also known as settlement loans, pre-settlement loans or lawsuit cash advances are an excellent way for plaintiffs to get cash prior to their lawsuit settlement. Many plaintiffs during a pending lawsuit go through financial hardships. This can be most evident in cases regarding accidents or personal\workplace injuries since the plaintiff is most likely unable to work. Being unable to work can result in medical bills, mortgage payments, car payments and living expensive pile up while the plaintiff no longer has a source of income. This is where a lawsuit settlement loan can save the day and provide the plaintiff with 0% risk.

 

A lawsuit settlement loan is actually a ZERO risk option for plaintiffs, you’re probably wondering how this is possible; it’s due to the fact that the plaintiff is not required to pay back the lawsuit settlement loan if they don’t win their case. That’s right, if your pending lawsuit reaches a verdict in favor of the defendant you do not pay back one dollar of the lawsuit settlement loan. This is because lawsuit settlement loans are considered non-recourse debts and not actually loans. Since the collateral is your settlement if you don’t reach one you would not be able to pay back the loan. If lawsuit settlement loan providers still required you to pay it back even when you lost it would be considered predatory lending and against the law. With a lawsuit settlement loan you safely can access funds you need to get by while having not having to worry how you’ll pay it back if you lose your case.

 

Lawsuit settlement loans are also approved differently than traditional loans, the approval process is based on how solid and strong your case is. Lawsuit settlement loan lenders do not review your credit history; in theory you could have the worst credit in the US and it will not affect the approval process. Employment status and income level also do not affect the lawsuit settlement loan approval process. Plaintiffs need to understand that approval for your lawsuit settlement loan is based on your case; not your personal credit and ability to pay back a loan. This allows ANYONE the ability to apply for a lawsuit settlement loan if they have a sound case.

 

Prior to applying for a lawsuit settlement loan you should discuss it with your attorney. The lawsuit settlement loan providers will be required to speak with your attorney and review specific documents related to your case. Giving your attorney the heads up allows them to have all the proper documents ready and be prepared to answer the lender’s questions. You’ll also want to make sure any agreements with your attorney won’t be broke by applying and accepting a lawsuit settlement loan. Hopefully if you’re facing financial hardship due to a pending lawsuit a lawsuit settlement loan can help you out.

Socially Responsible Investing for Idiots

Sí, Money! (http://simoney.us)
By Michael Grodsky

If I have to be an idiot, at the least I’m a green idiot. I believe in clean air, corporate responsibility, community activism, licorice, pizza and Thai food. And healthy living, freedom, and of course freedom raisins.

Shiny happy raisins

I love trees, sky, and ah, the OXYGEN! But I’m worried about the dismal state of health care, education funding, the ozone hole, the Medicare donut hole, and your little dog too! Did you know the North Pole is melting? That really scares me. Plus I need to cut down on my Chunky Monkey intake.

In everything I do, in every move I make, it seems that I’m part of the worldwide web of production and consumption. So I pertly place my recyclables in the blue bin, our family uses reusable grocery bags, and I vote. What more can a light-switch thumping, gasoline-pumping 21st century fox do?

C’mon, baby, light my SRI fire…

 

It was only a couple of years ago a friend remarked to me that real estate was the only investment that made any sense, as if his seat on the Ferris Wheel of investments, propelled by an invincible source, would forever be going up, up, UP! Instead, what happened was “up, up and away.”

The first Ferris wheel, from 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago

The desire for a sure thing is hard to resist. Albert Einstein, succumbing to pressure to support the idea of a static universe, in his 1917 paper added an adjustment number called the “cosmological constant” to his equation for general relativity. In 1931 he publicly renounced this static cosmology and endorsed the Big Bang expanding universe model, ditching the cosmological constant and returning to his original equation. He later called his bowing to peer pressure the greatest blunder of his entire life. You can read about the adventure in author Simon Singh’s “Big Bang – The Origin of the Universe.”

Many philanthropic foundations have long drawn a wall between their socially conscious mission statements that drive grant making, and the investment holdings of their endowment. There is a truism that investing for social benefit results in lower returns. But just as scientific peer consensus eventually embraced the Big Bang theory, so has the thinking of philanthropic foundations changed. The reasons are twofold: A recognition that corporate responsibility and societal concerns are valid parts of investment decisions, (1) and a growing number of academic studies have demonstrated that socially responsible investment (SRI) mutual funds perform competitively with non-SRI funds over time. (2)

For example, according to University of Maastricht and Erasmus University Rotterdam economists in their prize-winning paper, “we find little evidence of significant differences in risk-adjusted returns between ethical and conventional funds for the 1990-2001 period.” (3)

Foundation investment choices seem to be increasingly guided by effect upon society as a whole, not just financial gain, according to a recent Los Angeles Times article. (4) Fresh thinking in the nation’s largest foundations may be driving the impetus ever faster: The $8.5-billion William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (Menlo Park), the $6.1-billion John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Chicago), the $7.8-billion W.K. Kellogg Foundation (Battle Creek, Michigan) all have made recent changes to improve the social effect of their investments. (5)

SRI assets are also growing faster than assets as a whole: according to the non-profit Social Investment Forum’s 2005 biennial report, SRI assets rose more than 258 percent from $639 billion in 1995 to $2.29 trillion in 2005. Over those ten years, SRI assets grew four percent faster than the entire universe of managed assets in the United States. (6)

Some have already been on the SRI track: the nation’s second largest foundation, the Ford Foundation, along with others such as the F.B. Herron Foundation, the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation and the Nathan Cumings Foundation, have for a long time aligned their charitable and investment practices.

What is Socially Responsible Investing?
Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) is a broad-based approach to investing that now encompasses an estimated $2.3 trillion out of $24 trillion in the U.S. investment marketplace today. (7) The release of the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment–subscribed to by some of the world’s largest institutional investors, asset managers, and related organizations representing over $9 trillion in assets as of mid- 2007–underscores the widespread acceptance of the principle that investors cannot, in the long run, achieve their goals by investing in corporations that externalize their costs onto society. (8)

How do I research SRI funds?
A good place to start is the Social Investment Forum (http://www.socialinvest.org). Look at the resource list at the end of this article too.

How do I start investing?
If you participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, there may be SRI funds already available to you. If you manage your own IRA or other plan, look into what’s available. But don’t just go adding a fund without considering the entire makeup of your portfolio.

The key to earning decent long-term returns and limiting overall risk is to have a proper asset allocation, meaning you don’t have all your eggs in one basket. For do-it-yourself-ers, check out the government’s website about asset allocation (http://tinyurl.com/2825hw), or purchase “All About Asset Allocation” by Richard A. Ferri ($13.57 at Amazon), a great introduction to the topic. Your personal financial advisor or company where you have your investment or retirement accounts can help.

How do I know which funds will produce the highest returns?
You don’t, you can’t, and you won’t, so just forget about it because past performance doesn’t predict future results. The day-to-day ups and downs of the market receive the media attention, but the daily, quarterly, or even yearly returns are largely irrelevant in constructing an individual’s portfolio whose objectives are long-range.  What you want to look for are funds that perform well over the long run within their particular sector, as compared to the appropriate benchmark indices. Various areas of the economy are always moving up and down and sideways, and so far no one has ever been able to know ahead of time what the pattern will be. Asset allocation, I’ll say again, may be the key to long-term success in building a financially secure future. Not panicking helps too!

What makes an SRI fund different?
If a prospective company is a fit according to a fund’s stated objectives, research is performed to determine whether or not it’s a good idea to buy stock at the current offering price. It boils down to the question “Within the guidelines of the stated objectives of the fund, will this purchase help to achieve the highest possible return for the fund’s shareholders?”

The three core socially responsible investing strategies are screening, shareholder advocacy, and community investing. Screening means a fund will include or exclude companies based upon criteria such as alcohol, tobacco, animal testing, and human rights, among others. These screens can be positive (e.g., including companies that treat employees well) or negative (e.g., excluding companies who do business with disturbed musicians).

Keep in mind that, as with all mutual funds, SRI funds have no guarantees of future return.

In any case, you’d better take this lad’s offering of raisins!

If you use electricity, drive a car, and participate in many other activities of daily living, in a very true sense you are already investing in the companies that allow and encourage your consumption. In other words, you are part of the “market” whether or not you actually own stocks or mutual funds. Socially responsible investing can be a way to make your dollars work toward something in which you believe, and support those companies you believe have a vision in line with your own.

Resources and suggested reading

1.    “The Mission in the Marketplace: How Responsible Investing Can Strengthen the Fiduciary Oversight of Foundation Endowments and Enhance Philanthropic Missions.” Social Investment Forum Foundation’s resource guide for foundations to manage risk and leverage their investment assets more fully with their core philanthropic purpose, while creating lasting value. http://tinyurl.com/35t49h
2.    “10 best” list of companies. Corporate Responsibility Officer magazine rates the citizenship disclosures, policies and performance of large-cap, public companies in the following industries: Auto & Vehicles, Paper, Technology Hardware, Technology Software, Transport, and Travel & Lodging industries, Chemical, Energy, Financial, Media and Utilities industries. http://www.thecro.com/node/580
3.    Social Science Research Network. http://www.ssrn.com/
4.    United Nations’ “The Principles for Responsible Investment.” An investor initiative in partnership with UNEP Finance Initiative and the UN Global Compact. http://www.unpri.org/
5.    The Social Investment Forum; national membership association dedicated to advancing the concept, practice, and growth of socially and environmentally responsible investing. http://www.socialinvest.org/
6.    Social Investment Forum’s 2005 biennial report. http://tinyurl.com/258794
7.    Sristudies.org, a resource for quantitative aspects of socially responsible investing. Includes an annotated bibliography of studies of socially responsible investing. A project of the Moskowitz Research Program, which is affiliated with the Center for Responsible Business at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley.
8.    Socially Responsible Mutual Fund Charts of Financial Performance. http://www.socialinvest.org/resources/mfpc/
9.    SocialFunds.com, an advertising-driven website with information on SRI mutual funds, community investments, corporate research, shareowner actions, and daily social investment news.
10.    “Handbook on Responsible Investment Across Asset Classes.” For asset allocation junkies, individuals and institutional investors the Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship created this work. http://tinyurl.com/2ffqbu

Footnotes

1. The Maturing of Socially Responsible Investment: A Review of the Developing Link with Corporate Social Responsibility by Russell Sparkes and Christopher J. Cowton. Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 52, Number 1 / June, 2004.
2. SriStudies.org
3. International Evidence on Ethical Mutual Fund Performance and Investment Style, paper by Rob Bauer, Kees Koedijk, Rogér Otten. Limburg Institute of Financial Economics, November 2002. (socialinvest.org/resources/research)
4. Foundations align investments with their charitable goals by Charles Piller, Los Angeles Times, December 29, 2007. Section C, p 1.
5. Ibid.
6. 2005 Report on Socially Responsible Investing Trends in the United States. Social Investment Forum. (www.socialinvest.org)
7. Socially Responsible Investing Facts. Social Investment Forum. www.socialinvest.org
8. PRI Report On Progress 2007. PRI (Principles for Responsible Investment), United Nations. (www.unpri.org)

Image credits

Sun-Maid/George Bush composite image
•    First Sun-Maid packaging to feature a likeness of Lorraine Collett as the “Sun-Maid Girl,” 1916. Designer unknown, incorporates painting by Fanny Scafford. Public domain in the United States.
•    Photograph of Bush speaking. Brazil, November 6, 2005. Agência Brasil, a public Brazilian news agency, produced photograph. Published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 2.5 Brazil.

Fox/Morrison composite image
•    Foxes by Franz Marc, 1913. The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Public Domain.
•    Jim Morrison portrait, 2007, by Amadeu.taradell. Released by author into public domain.

Ferris Wheel/Superman composite image
•    The first Ferris wheel from the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The New York Times photo archive. Public Domain.
•    Screenshot of 1941 cartoon Superman. Fleischer Studios. This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1923 and 1963 with a copyright notice, and its copyright was not renewed.

Musician holding Valentine’s Day raisins composite image
•    Photo of musician Jeff Hawley, 2007.  Manager, Marketing Content Pro Audio and Combo Division, Yamaha Corporation of America. Courtesy of Mr. Hawley.
•    Photo, August 3, 2005 by Mazbln. Halberstadt, Klosterkirche St. Burchardi, Ort des John-Cage-Projektes “As slow as possible.” Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.
•    Original painting of Lorraine Collett by Fanny Scafford, 1915, later used on Sun-Maid raisin packaging. Public domain in the United States.

This column is meant to provide general information, and should not be construed as providing investment, legal, or tax advice. There is no guarantee as to the accuracy or completeness of the information in this article. There are no guarantees of future return for any fund, nor an endorsement of any investment product. Mutual funds are sold by prospectus only. For complete information on mutual funds including sales charges and expenses, call your financial professional for a prospectus. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing. Links are provided herein as a courtesy, and no guarantees are made as to the accuracy of the content on the referenced websites.

Sí, Money! – Vol. 2, No. 1  February 2008 – http://simoney.us

Types of general insuranceGeneral insurance only pays out when an insured event occurs. It includes:home insurance (contents and/or buildings)car insurancetravel insuranceprivate medical insurancepet insuranceaccident, sickness or unemployment insurance to protect your income, mortgage or loan payments (also called ‘Payment protection insurance’)critical illness insurancelong-term care insurance

How to shop around for general insuranceWith so many insurance deals on the market it’s worth shopping around. Key points to compare include:suitability for your particular needscostflexibility: what happens if you miss a payment or wish to cancel or switch?terms: when does the policy pay out/are there restrictions?’Keyfacts’ documents to help you shop aroundWhen you contact an insurance provider, they will give you details of the service they offer. This can normally be found in the ‘about our service document’.Once you’ve discussed what you need and answered all the questions about yourself and what you want to insure, the intermediary, insurance company or the firm selling you the insurance will give you key policy information. This sets out the essential facts.

1. Buying insurance – learn more on Moneymadeclear from the FSA:
Getting helpYou can buy insurance yourself or with the help of a broker, but either way you’ll get key policy information about the insurance and what it covers.Generally, firms selling insurance and those providing insurance cover (underwriting the risk) have to be regulated by the Financial Services Authority (FSA), the UK’s financial services regulator, or be the agent of a regulated firm. There are some exceptions, for example the sale of extended warranties on non-motor goods (such as on electrical goods) where the person selling the insurance is also providing the goods.Regulated firms and their agents are put on the FSA Register and have to meet certain standards. Always make sure that the firm you use is on the FSA Register before handing over your money. If they aren’t regulated by the FSA, you won’t have access to complaints and compensation procedures if things go wrong – see If things go wrong. To find out if a firm is on the FSA Register, see Check the FSA Register.Your friends or family may recommend an insurance broker or insurance company or you can find one along your high street.

Alternatively there are organisations that can help you – see Useful links. But remember, always check that the firm you use is on the FSA Register.If the firm is not on the FSA Register, or if you have been contacted by or dealt with an unauthorised insurance firm or broker, it would help the FSA if you would provide some information on your dealings with that firm or individual. See its list of Unauthorised firms/individuals and report any dealings using its Unauthorised firms reporting form.Buying without adviceYou don’t have to get advice before you take out an insurance policy, and UK firms that sell insurance without advice still have to follow the FSA’s rules. But it is up to you to decide whether the policy is suitable for you. You may have less grounds for complaint if the product turns out to be unsuitable.Comparison websitesComparison websites will ask you several questions and then provide you with quotes from various brokers and insurers. None of the websites cover the entire market, and some larger insurers are not represented on any of the websites, so you may wish to contact them directly. The comparison website should contain a list of the brokers and insurers they search.Some insurance comparison websites may ask you fewer questions to speed up the process, and instead make a number of assumptions about you. Always check the assumptions made about you and correct them where necessary.Most comparison websites will automatically pass your information on to a broker or insurer.

Although this means you don’t have to provide them again, you should check that the correct information has been provided to the broker or insurer. If anything is incorrect you should either change the information on the broker or insurer’s website, or contact them and ask them to change it.The Association of British Insurers (ABI) has a voluntary good practice guide for insurers, brokers, software houses and insurance comparison websites when providing online price comparison quotes for insurance.This will mean that you’ll get information to help you understand more about the policy you’re being offered. It also says that insurers who are unable to provide a quote to a customer (for example due to age or health) should refer them to another provider who may be able to offer them cover.When using a comparison website make sure:adverts about the site don’t make misleading claims about their market coverage – none of them covers the whole market, so if they claim to, this is unlikely to be true;you fully understand what savings you can make if the firm is advertising what looks like an attractive rate;the assumptions made about you are accurate and the same as the ones on the insurer’s quote; andyou understand what excesses you might have to pay.See our Shopping around guide for more information.What information will you get?When you contact an insurance broker they will give you:details of the service they are offering you – see Step 1; andinformation about the insurance policy being offered to you – see Step 2.Step 1 – Getting the KeyfactsWhen you contact an insurance provider, they will give you details of the service they offer. It may be in a  about our service document, but doesn’t have to be.

They will tell you:whether they’re offering you advice or just information about the product;whose insurance policies they offer – it may be from one company or many; andhow much you’ll have to pay for the service.Use this document, or information to shop around to get the service you want at the price you’re happy with.Step 2Once you’ve discussed what you need and answered all the questions about yourself and what you want to insure, the intermediary, insurance company or the firm selling you the insurance will give you key policy information. This sets out the essential facts. Ask questions if you don’t understand anything as misunderstandings could lead to the insurance company refusing to pay out when you claim.The policy information will set out:what the insurance policy actually covers;what it doesn’t cover;any limits or restrictions; andother important features you need to know before you make up your mind.Make sure you get this and that you read and understand it. Ask the provider or insurance company to explain anything you don’t understand.Use this document to shop around and compare like with like. Another policy may be cheaper but does it offer the same cover?
2. How to check if a firm is FSA authorisedYou can check whether a firm or individual is FSA authorised by using the FSA online ‘Check our Register’ service.Find out how to use the FSA Register and what to consider when looking for a firm or individual.
Firms are put on our Register once we have given them permission to carry out a particular activity. Firms that work as ‘agents’ for other firms are also on our Register and are also known as ‘Appointed representatives’ or ‘Tied agents’. After that we monitor that they follow our set standards, known as being ‘regulated’.
Always make sure that the firm you use is on our Register before handing over your money. If they aren’t regulated by us and things go wrong, you won’t have access to complaints procedures and compensation schemes, for example the Financial Ombudsman Service and Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). Some payment services firms do not have to be on the FSA register until May 2011, but you can still take complaints against them to the Financial Ombudsman Service.
3. The difference between information and adviceYou can buy insurance after getting advice, or based on information after shopping around. Read our related article to understand the difference between buying with or without advice and the relative pros and cons.
The difference between advice and informationWhen you get insurance advice, the broker or adviser looks at your individual circumstances and needs and recommends a policy to meet them. This often involves a face-to-face meeting, but you can get advice in other ways, for example by telephone, email, or through the post. Under FSA rules, if the advice turns out to be unsuitable you have the right to complain and, in some circumstances, may be able to claim compensation.Buying without adviceUK firms that sell insurance without advice still have to follow FSA rules, for example by providing you with certain information about their service and products (see next section). But if you buy this way it’s for you to decide whether or not you think the policy is suitable for you. If things go wrong it may be harder to complain.Information the insurance broker must give youFSA authorised firms must follow certain rules and standards when dealing with you, including giving you certain information.Information about a broker’s serviceWhen you contact an insurance provider, they will give you details of the service they offer. It may be in an ‘about our service document’, but doesn’t have to be.They will tell you:whether they’re offering you advice or just information about the productwhose insurance policies they offer – it may be from one company or manyhow much you’ll have to pay for the serviceUse this document, or information, to shop around to get the service you want at the price you’re happy with.Information about the insurance policyOnce you’ve discussed what you need and answered all the questions about yourself and what you want to insure, the intermediary, insurance company or the firm selling you the insurance will give you key policy information. This sets out the essential facts.For investment-type insurance they must give you a more detailed key features document which includes an illustration of how your investment might perform over time.

Free Liquor Store Business Plan for Loans

Obtaining Business Financing

 

When obtaining a business loan for a liquor store business, it is imperative that you have a properly structured business plan that will assist you in showcasing how you intend to operate your Liquor Store, how the business will operate, how you intend to market the business, the anticipated financial results of your company, and how you intend to repay your debt obligations. This sample loan business plan will provide you with the framework that you need in order to acquire a business loan for starting or expanding this type of business.

 

Executive Summary

 

Introduction

 

When obtaining a business loan for a Liquor Store, it is imperative that your business plan has a clear and concise executive summary that provides an outline of what are seeking to accomplish, how much capital you are seeking to raise, the management biography of the business owner, and an overview of the anticipated profit and loss statements of the business. Here is an example of how the title paragraph should be written:

 

Liquor Store, Inc. (“the Company”) is seeking a business loan of $100,000 in order to launch the operations of a Liquor Store business that will be based in San Francisco, California. The Company was founded in (Insert Year). The business was founded by Mr. John Doe.

 

Products and Services

 

In the next segment of the business loan and business planning document, you should showcase the products and services that you will be providing to the general public. For instance:

 

The Liquor Store will provide its customers with a broad array of wines, beers, and spirits for sale to the general public. At all times, the Liquor Store will comply with all applicable state and federal laws regarding the sale of alcohol to the general public. The business anticipates that it will generate gross margins of 40% on all alcoholic beverage products sold through the liquor store.

 

The third section of the business plan will further discuss the operations of the business.

 

Business Loan Terms

 

Now it is time to discuss the anticipated terms of the business plan that you are seeking. An example paragraph of how this is stated:

 

At this time, Mr. Doe is seeking a conventional business loan in the amount of $100,000. The interest rate, loan terms, and loan covenants are to be determined during negotiation. However, this business plan assumes that the business will receive a seven year business loan with a seven percent interest rate due on the outstanding principal balance.

Management Biography

 

Now that the summary of the business has been provided, it is time to provide a brief overview of the owner of the business. An example paragraph summing up the owner is as follows:

 

Mr. Doe is a highly experienced business person that has years of experience regarding the direct ownership and management of business. He will be able to effectively bring the operations of the Liquor Store to profitability while ensuring that the business loan’s payments and its covenants are met at all times.

Financial Statements

 

The most important thing to your lender when applying for a business loan is how you intend to repay the bank. In this section of the business plan, you should provide an overview of the finance’s of the business discussing the anticipated revenues, expenses, and profits/losses. You can also discuss the applicable collateral within the business plan that will be used to secure your business financing.

 

Expansion Plans

 

One of the most important aspects of your business plan is how you intend to expand the business over a three to five year period. Banks and finance companies always want to see that the business will experience a moderate to strong level of growth. This is especially true in business lending because as your business grows the cash flow that secures your business loan will decrease proportionality against your monthly credit obligations. An example of how this is stated is as follows:

 

The Liquor Store will continue to expand through organic means including increasing the Company’s advertising budget via the reinvestment into the after tax cash flows of the business. Additionally, if the business is highly successful then the Company may seek to establish additional Liquor Store locations after the third year of operations.

 

 

The Financing

 

Use of Business Loan Proceeds

 

In this section of the business plan you should focus on how the proceeds of the business loan will be used. An example of this would be as follows:

 

Liquor Store Establishment – $50,000
Opening Inventory – $10,000
Working capital – $40,000

 

Management Equity

In this section of the business plan you should discuss the percentage ownership of the business among the owners of the business. For example:

 

Mr. Doe will own 100% of the Liquor Store.

 

Board of Directors

 

When applying for business financing, the bank will also want to know who serves as the board of directors. For small businesses, usually the owner serves as the director of the business. An example of how this is worded:

 

Mr. Doe will be the sole director of Liquor Store, Inc.

 

Exit Strategy

 

Any bank or financing company is also going to want to know what you intend to do with the business over a set period of time. Many business owners will develop and expand a business with the intent to sell the company to a third party at a later time. When drafting this part of the business plan you should focus on what you intentions are in regards to potentially selling the business. This is often worded as:

 

Mr. Doe would most likely sell the Liquor Store to a third party for a significant earnings multiple. Liquor Stores usually sell for approximately one to three times earnings given the financial strength of the business. In this event, the business would be sold by a business broker and the business loan sought in this plan would be repaid according to the covenants of the business loan agreement.

 

Products and Services

 

When developing a business plan that is appropriate for obtaining a business loan or other business credit facility you need to clearly showcase the services or products that you will be offering to the general public. An example of how this section is worded goes as follows:

 

The Liquor Store will carry an extensive and diverse inventory of wines, beers, and spirits. Primarily the Company will focus on the sale of wine as it produces the highest margins for the business. At all times, the business will have appropriate checks in place to ensure that people under the age of 21 do not buy alcoholic products from the Liquor Store.

During the holiday seasons, the business will generate additional revenues from the sale of gift baskets that contain wine, chocolates, and other goods. This will substantially increase the revenues of the Liquor Store during the holiday season.

 

 

Industry and Market Analysis

 

The Current State of the Economy

 

It is important to let your financial institution know that you are well apprised of the financial situation of the general economy when you are applying for a business loan. This is especially true in today’s environment where lending has become more difficult and will remain more difficult in the foreseeable future. Specifically, you should gear this section of the business plan analysis towards the industry that you are operating within. For example:

 

The current economy has remained difficult over the past few years. However, Liquor Stores and drinking establishments tend to fair well during difficult economic climates. As such, the Liquor Store will be able to remain profitable and cash flow positive in any economic climate.

 

The Liquor Store Industry

 

In addition to providing your business loan officer with an understanding of the general economy, it is important that you showcase that you have an equal understanding of the industry in which you are operating within. As such, you will need to provide you business loan institution of a brief overview of your industry and any potential changes that may affect the way that your company does business. An example of how an industry overview is as follows:

 

On a nationwide basis, there are more than 45,000 stores that specialize in the sale of liquor, wine, beer, and other spirits to the general public. On an annual basis, these businesses aggregate generate more than $50 billion of revenue and employ more than 200,000 people. This is a mature industry and the future expected growth rate of the business is expected to mirror that of the general economy.

 

Target Market

 

In this section of the business loan application and business plan analysis, you should focus on the demographics of your localized market (or national market if applicable). This section should discuss how many people live in your area, the anticipated number of people that would require the use of Liquor Stores, the median household income of people living in the area, poverty line statistics, and any applicable laws that would apply to your operation of Liquor Stores.

 

Competition

 

Many people that are developing new businesses or expanding existing businesses often feel that their business does not have any competition or limited competition at best. However, this is almost never the case. Unless you have re-invented the wheel – you will have competition. When applying for a business loan, you should clearly showcase your competition in your business plan. This is especially important to your banker as they will be able to gauge your ability to be successful in your targeted market. Many business loan underwriters will aggressively confirm that competitive nature of your local market and your local industry.

 

When drafting this section of the plan you should heavily discuss the competitive advantages that you intend to have over your competition.

 

Marketing Plan

 

In addition to all of the above information that we have covered, your business loan officer is also going to want to know how you intend to market your business to the general public. Most people do not quite understand how to effectively market their business outside of prominent signage or flyer distribution. When applying for a business loan (again in this difficult lending climate), your banker is going to want to see that you have a clear methodology of how you intend to market your services or products to the general public. In this section of the business plan – we will overview how to showcase your services/products to the general public.

 

Marketing Overview Example

 

The Liquor Store will place prominent signage on the facility to draw a significant amount of foot traffic.
The business will maintain listings in the Yellow Books.
The Liquor Store will also maintain an internet website that showcases the Company’s operations, hours of operation, and relevant contact information.

 

Marketing Strategies Overview

Additionally, you will be required to further drill down (in your business plan) how you intend to implement your strategies when you launch or expand your business’s operations. In this section of the business loan and business plan documents, you should amplify the bullet points from the section above. For instance:

 

The Liquor Store intends to use a number of strategies that will create instant traffic and customer flow to the Company’s location. These strategies include not only using prominent facility and road signage, but also distributing flyers to people that fall into he Company’s targeted demographics. The business will also regularly take out advertisements in localized newspapers that showcase the Company’s hours of operations, liquor store products, and specials that are occurring within the store on a regular basis.

 

The business will also maintain a highly informative website that showcases the Liquor Store’s products, its hours of operation,  liquor product listing information, licensure information, and other relevant information in regards to the Company’s services. This website will be listed on major search engines such as Google as many people now use the internet to locate local businesses.

 

The Financial Plan

 

Beyond any other part of your business loan application or business plan, the financials section of these documents are what matters most when applying for a business loan or any other type of credit facility. Ultimately, this section of the business plan showcases not only what your anticipated profitability will be, but also how you intend to repay the funds that you have borrowed through your business financing facility. An example of how this section is structure is as follows:

 

Assumptions

 

Liquor Store, Inc. will have an average annual growth rate of 10% per year.
Mr. Doe will acquire $100,000 through a business loan in order to launch the operations of the business.

 

Proforma Financials for a Business Loan

 

Now it is time to showcase how you intend to repay your loan, generate a profit, and increase the book value of your business over a three to five year period. BusinessPlansForLoan.com has developed an easy to use financial model that you can use when drafting out the financial model for your business plan and business loan application. Through your business loan application, you will be required to have the following:

 

Profit and Loss Statement for your Liquor Store
Cash Flow Analysis for the Liquor Store
Balance Sheet for the Liquor Store
Business Loan Amortization Tables

Taking the leap into postgraduate education can be daunting due to the freedom and flexibility of the courses and modules you can study as well as the significant financial commitment that is needed to fulfill such a course. Undergraduates with a head for numbers may opt to study further for accountancy and finance qualifications. CFA accredited postgraduate programmers are available across London’s exclusive business schools. The CFA is the global association of investment professionals and is the essential qualification for students wishing to carve out a career in the finance sector.

CFA accredited MSc courses examine accounting and finance from the perspective of those who use financial reports to evaluate company and managerial performance, whilst providing an understanding of the principles underlying current thinking in accounting and finance.

Based in India’s financial capital for your studies it is easy to see the attraction, enabling postgraduates to take advantage of excellent networking opportunities within the City of London. Postgraduate accounting and finance courses will also offer the opportunity of preparation for final CFA (Charted Financial Analyst) exams.

The real world nature of these postgraduate financial courses is reflected in their teaching. With interactive lectures, seminars and a large proportion of assessed work coming from team-based assignments, students are fully prepped for the rigours and intensity of such a professional environment.

Although MSc Accounting and Finance courses enable scholars to specialize in areas of specific interest, the qualification still enables postgraduates to diversify across a range of careers in the financial sector, from accounting to auditing.

The beauty of completing a CFA accredited financial MSc is that postgraduates find themselves incredibly sought after, graduating as practical, well-informed and motivated individuals.